For those who have read a scientific article certainly have noticed some abbreviations in the footnotes and in references as cited, et al., et seq., ditto, id., etc.. These abbreviations have but one meaning and should be used to clarify a note.
The problem is that most (including me before this research) not know the meaning of these terms and, mostly, simply jumps to the next word.
The purpose of this post is to show the meaning of each term and mostly show examples of how to use them. Follow:
apud
– (do latim junto a; in; Close of) cited by, as, second - Indicates the source of an indirect quotation.
To cite an author – the researcher whose work had NO access – what is stated in a book to which the researcher HAD access, It is used to reference apud. Ex:
(ANDERSON, 1981 apud ARÉVALO, 1997, p. 73)
In this example, by noting the word apud, soon we found that the author had no access to the director of the Anderson work, 1981. However, We had access to it through the work written by Arévalo, 1997. See more two examples:
Studies Zapeda (apud MELO, 1995, p. 5) show […]
BUTERA apud MONTEIRO, Washington de Barros. Course civil law: inheritance law. 30. and. Sao Paulo: Hail, 1995, in. 6, p. 80.
It is recommended not really use the word apud throughout their work, restricting its use only to situations involving works hard to reach, eg: texts difficult to understand languages, rare books and antique items.
OBS: The phrase cited is the one that can be used in the text and notes. The remaining, only notes.
Cf.
- Check, confronts, compare
Cf. GOMES, 2001
et al. – and others (male), ou et aliae (female), and other (neutral)
– and other. It is commonly used when you do not want to name all persons or things in a list. Ex:
Eichelberger JP, Black KQ Black ER, et al. Predictive value of dobutamine echocardiography just before noncardiac vascular surgery. Am J Cardiol 1993;73:602-7.
William MJ, Odabashian J, Lauer MS, et al. Prognostic value of dobutamine echocrdiography in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J For Lost Cardioal 1996;27:132-9.
ibidem ou ibid.
- To reference, subsequent, the same author, in different page, of the same work. Ex:
Goncalves, 2000, p. 61
Ibid., p. 203
MONTEIRO, Washington de Barros. Course civil law: inheritance law. 30. and. Sao Paulo: Hail, 1995, in. 6, p. 15.
ibid, p. 25.
idem or id.
- To reference, subsequent, the same author. Ex:
LAMPRECHT, 1962, p. 20
Id., 1964, p. 35
MONTEIRO, Washington de Barros. Course civil law: inheritance law. 30. and. Sao Paulo: Hail, 1995, in. 6, p. 15.
ditto, p. 42
site quoted ou loc. cit.
– not stretch cited - Referral to a passage cited earlier
PAPALEO, Celso Cezar. Abortion and contraception: relevance and complexity of the issue. Rio de Janeiro: Renew, 1993, p. 278.
PAPALEO, Celso Cezar, on. cit., place. cit.
SILVA; SOUZA; SANTOS, 1995, p. 99-115
SILVA; SOUZA; SANTOS, 1995, place. cit.
work cited, works cited ou op. cit.
– cit
Goncalves, 2000, p. 50
LAMPRECHT, 1962, p. 20
Goncalves, on. cit., p. 216
passim
– here and there, in several passages - Indicates reference to various portions of the work
Goncalves, 2000, passim
MOTA, Silvia. Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions: ethical and legal translation. In: WAR, Arthur Magno e Silva (Coord.). Biolaw and bioethics: a critical introduction. Rio de Janeiro: Legal America, 2005, passim.
sequentia or et seq.
– or next following - In the examples below, indicated on the page.
PINTO, 1956, p. 31 et seq.
MONTEIRO, Washington de Barros. Course civil law: inheritance law. 30. and. Sao Paulo: Hail, 1995, in. 6, p. 15-17.
MONTEIRO, Washington de Barros, on. cit., p. 36 et seq.
That. Add to your favorites to make when you need a monograph or other scientific work.
References
- The al – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- Common Errors in English Usage
- BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS. NBR: 10520:2002 – Submission of Documents Citations
Congratulations, the great research work,..
I would like to know the meaning of In__ within a reference
With Brunno, Correct your mini-resume. Use “there is” the verb be as mean elapsed time: (…) more than 5 years place over 5 years.
Joice, I'm doing my tcc and this was a doubt my. O et al, It is actually to name the authors in your text, when it is more than three authors. In references, or bibliografia, you must reference all. For example: “Modernity came in…” (SILVA et al., 2015, p. 10)
It for short direct quotes, always the first surname in alphabetical order; if you do not need indirect indicate the page. Already in references: SILVA, Carlos; (and all other).
Hope this helps!
The expression et al can not use the text, only the notes, correct? Then, I like to quote from a work of several people in the text? I have to put the surname of all? Former: ALS is a progressive disease, characterized by degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system motors (ZANOTELLI, PERES, OLIVEIRA, Organs, 2004)
Liked. He knew some expressions, others I was not so sure, and “passim” made me very curious. Now I was without doubt. Thank you!
Knew nothing about these mysteries (apud, in:, id., ibid., passim, place. cit., on. cit, et seq., (sic)., etc., et al.), I can now walk safer when reading the articles, newspapers, books etc.. Before my reading of these hieroglyphs was an unknown world. rsrsrsrsrsrsrsrs
Sincerely, thank Bruno Cunha. Congratulations
yeah pessoal thanks pela dica…I really needed a plausible explanation of some rules of scholarly citation.
Oh how cute you! Thank you, what about the guy complaining there Wiki, quem never? Plix'll save the hypocrisy in the drawer!
Bruno, her cute, Thank you!
Thank you very much.
eu AMEI! was exactly what he needed
When you use 'et al’ and 'apud’ should put in itálicoW
Great for your explanation,objetivo.Ajudou very well.
CONGRATULATIONS, Bruno your work is great. Helped and will continue to help many people.
Very enlightening and aim your article. Congratulations!
Thank you, Bruno. Seus esclarecimentos muito úteis forum.
A really interesting work, dear Bruno. Here in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, had a teacher that students nicknamed the PAPALEO. Congratulations.
Bruno, I have doubts about the 'apud’ it should be written in italics or not?
Thanks!
Bruno be, greatly helped us with their placements.
bjs and God bless
Maria Oil! Glad my post has helped a lot of people.
I had to study hard for these terms my thesis we thought it best to consolidate and disseminate all here.
Stood as a reference for many people. What bom.
Bruno, grateful for the contribution. Important to the work I am doing thesis.
Thank you very much!! Helped me a lot.
Hugs.
Thank you very much. Your cooperation will be important for the development of my learning. I am a scholar of Directors publishes the UFS. God bless you.
Hello Paul! Glad the article helped you!
GOD BLESS YOU, YOU CONTRIBUTE TO OUR STUDIES INDIRECTLY.
THANK YOU
Congratulations text. Very educational content. For questions fast, care promptly when information purposes.
Helped a lot! Thank you!
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX that Tudo QUASE, SOME COMMENTS INCLUDING BUT NOTICED THAT WHEN THE AUTHOR REFERS THE EXPRESSION et alii, A PLACE AS IF SHE WERE TO WISH SuBORDINATED The WHO WRITES AND DO NOT INTEND TO MENTION THE NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES OF YOUR WORK. ONLY THAT IS NOT WELL, TECHNICAL STANDARDS ARE THAT DETERMINE HOW TO REFER A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Thanks for putting together such information as relevant.
I liked the explanations, but for beginners it would be necessary to put examples on how to use the quote.
Thank you.
Valew!!! Excellent blog!!! Helped me a lot!!!
Thank you!!!
Theodora, thanks for visiting! Glad the post helped you!!!
Thanks for the trouble. Helped me with the end of my tcc (mba in investment).
I found it very enlightening. Congratulations availability share their knowledge with other.
Accordingly internet is great tool. As for the negative reviews…should not be commented, because they are jealous people and things without competence to understand the importance of knowing.
Hugs
Bruno, I wanted to find my way more people like you, who sympathizes with the difficulties of others and share their knowledge and their work! Congratulations for the post (which always I turn to ask questions) and altruism!
A hug,
Eve
Olá Eve! Thanks for the words. Whenever der, I will try to contribute to help others. Glad this tip served to you! Abs!
Hello Bruno Cunha! Congratulations search! A fine contribution, clearly and objectively. Very valid! Hugs, success!
Very useful,friend. Needed to know about these last details to close my mono.
Thank you.
If the text originated much discussion and kept so long, is because it is good. Congratulations, Bruno!
Contribute with a Latin expression that embatucou me for a while, nem knew it was Latin: "sic", which means "assim". It is used at the end of a direct quotation from which we disagree, or does not intend to endorse. Example:
The deputy said: "Never a penny diverted from public coffers!" (sic).
Embrace
Arnaldo
Dear Alexandre, cool you comment on etc., But I get up, excuse the term, frightened, that according to his wisdom, you still used as a reference site "wikipedia" , not offering any degree of confidence.
Observation: I'm not saying that your explanation is wrong, but the next time, seek information on other sites more reliable !!!!!
Thank you, Bruno… clarified my doubt! A hug
No enhancer passim (supra) appears that sought to unravel the mystery, the
In:
I am in doubt whether it was a holdover from some source citation in English (In: ___) or have another meaning, perhaps in Latin?
I found his work interesting.
Oi! My name is Neide Alves is his explanation of the use of "APUD" was the easiest to understand among all that I have read. If you have a better explanation for the use of "IN" and "APUD" Monographs on I would love to read them. Thank you!
In the case of "apud", just missed highlight those coming before and after who gets cited. Prior is the author of the work which had oo NOT researcher access and after that in which HAD access. In the following example used above (ANDERSON, 1981 apud ARÉVALO, 1997, p. 73), ANDERSON was only remembered, however, the work was accessed to the ARÉVALO.
The following is the original text just to get along with this comment:
– (do latim junto a; in) cited by, as, second – Indicates the source of an indirect quotation.
To cite an author (the researcher whose work had NO access) what is stated in a book to which the researcher HAD access, is used apud. Ex:
(ANDERSON, 1981 apud ARÉVALO, 1997, p. 73)
Studies Zapeda (apud MELO, 1995, p. 5) show […]
Butera apud MONTEIRO, Washington de Barros. Course civil law: inheritance law. 30. and. Sao Paulo: Hail, 1995, in. 6, p. 80.
OBS: The phrase cited is the one that can be used in the text and notes. The remaining, only notes.
Remember that the use of these terms depends on the standard that is used
Did not understand the difference "ditto" e "ibidem". Looks like you used them interchangeably (until the work cited was the same in the example)
Very grateful for the kindness and cooperation!
Liked, excellent work. Just do a critique of the text: the term "the principle" is wrong, because "principle" is masculine, therefore, not accepting crase. In the most, just great and congratulations and thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Hello Joaquim! Glad you liked the post and thanks for watching.
Already updated the text with your fix. The principle is now correct. :)
Very good!
Thanks for sharing!
Adriana, Tapiraí / SP
Valeu Bruno! helped me a lot in developing my project.
Hug!
dsfilho
Olá Bruno!
Tks! White gave the 'et al' for female and male!! :D
And that dull the coment of the 'etc'…Envy is 'ugly' thing!
[ ]'s
PS "AHUAUhauhaUhauhAUhAUhuHauHAUHAUh"?!
worth information, could not use the qd cited. thanks a lot
Luiz
Very good, for more information, suggest a book that I use in my work Proofreader. Is the Manual for Standardization of Technical and Scientific Publications, de Júnia Lessa França, 8 edition, Editora UFMG, beyond the ABNT 6023, very useful for dissertations, theses and other scientific works. Hugs.
Thank you, was of fundamental importance, took my questions in a very precise.
Continue thus, perstando utility and services they need to aqules.
Thanks!
Oi Bruno1
I really enjoyed your BRUNOCUNHA.COM. I would greatly appreciate your help. If possible, tell me some information about matarial to tender. I
little expertise in the area, but I work in healthcare and within the requirements of my position / function have not had difficulties, But for the contest I am feeling difficulty in the technical. In the emergency character you can show me.
Thank, and counted aguardo.
Jacira
enfajacira@hotmail.com
I loved this Blog….how can I join?
My dear, I need to know how to do a quote from within the WORK PRESENTATION, and this was written by another AUTHOR.
Thank you.
(I'll explain straight: Determined WORK of certain AUTHOR; Someone wrote the PRESENTATION, I want to make a QUOTE from within the Presentation. How do I reference?)
My dear, I need to know how to do a quote from within the WORK PRESENTATION, and this was written by another AUTHOR.
Thank you.
(I'll explain straight: Determined WORK of certain AUTHOR; Someone wrote the PRESENTATION, I want to make a QUOTE from within the Presentation. How do I reference?)
Ask for help identifying the symbolism that tells how much the responsibility of one or several authors as a literary.
Pingback: References: apud, et al., et seq., ditto, id., on. cit., passim etc
Cute! Thank you very much!
Hello, would confirm the use of these espressões in footer, should not be italicized?
And et al is used without italics in the references?
Thanks, Thank you for teaching me.
earned, brother! ) :-p
Bruno, very good blog.
Practical, fast and explanatory. It also helped me a lot.
Obriagada!
Good work. Thank you.
expensive Alexandre Ribeiro, not used “E etc..” the title of the post. grateful for the attention! and very good actor work, and accompanying continue contributing thus to form a cultured society and understandable.
May God give you double,compensate for their dedication to happy realizações.Sílvia.
Loved! It was enlightening. now read scientific articles and more pleasure! Congratulations!
Thank you Bruno! SALVAS-me .. hehe
Hug Portugal;)
Material Valioso….Well understood!!!!
ZÉ, Thanks for YOUR INFORMATION, DID NOT KNOW, WHAT WAS ET. AL, THANK YOU, Useful.
Grateful pela say!
Thanks
Congratulations for the post, even in manuals ABNT, some terms are omitted or poorly explained. One sees why occupy a prominent position in Petrobras, is not anyone who gets there.
Congratulations on the site, was very fruitful learning from him.
Thanks mate, you helped me a lot. Thank you.
Parabens Bruno,ytexto your goal is simple but well!
hugs
Prof. Romilson Augusto
Very good this page, but I have a question.
What should I use when, in the body of the text, I quote the same work (same author, date and page) then. Only thus: (ditto)?
Thank you!
Oi, Ann. Take a look at the first item of the post: apud
and also in the commentary 35.
Abç
Bruno, please, I wonder how do I put in references an author who was cited by other.
Hugs
Congratulations Bruno for his post. Really excellent help. Some (few) I doubt that he had already remedied, other could remedy with you. Thank you.
As to Alexandre Ribeiro, who's pissed off at you and no reason for such, because it has not had the courage to read the post in full, should have at least the education that had not already been kind enough to help those who did not know.
I was intrigued by the question of Ly, to be quite relevant.
The John sought clarification on the use of "in", here's a little help, and if I am not enlightening, I ask you, Bruno, you do, por gentileza. O "in" is used when we did not complete reading the book, but only one chapter of it, then write the reference after the author of the chapter read, The name of the chapter, then the "in" with the author's name and the book that was read only part (and author's name is the same need not repeat, sufficient to make an underscore).
Former: Let's assume that I have just read the next chapter: Genders in the construction of the interaction between teacher and student(s) and the impacts on the process of teaching and learning of writing. Then so will my bibliographic reference:
BAZARIM, Milene. Genders in the construction of the interaction between teacher and student(s) and the impacts on the process of teaching and learning of writing. In: Goncalves, Adair Vieira & BAZARIM, Milene (orgs). Interaction, genres and literacy: a (re)Written in focus. San Carlos: Claraluz, 2009. p. 223 – 252.
If the author of the chapter read was the only author of the book, to be the same, need not repeat her name, getting follows the reference: BAZARIM, Milene. Genres… In: __________. Interaction, …
I have helped also.
Hello, Bruno Cunha.
Your post was very useful to me, Thank you!
But I still have a question: what to do when they intend to quote the same author, the same work, and the same page? Is there any specific Latin term for this, or just write ibid., followed by the page number of repeated?
Thank, from já.
Wave! what good this coming year's end, obaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ferias praia.
thanks for the information
Hello, Thank mto!!!!
Me ajudou muiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiito!!!
Congratulations for sharing your knowledge!!!
Face, congratulations! You just help me a terrible doubt. Only missed one: e o "in"? Thanks!
For me it was super helpful these explanations, certainly helped me to better understand and be able to use well in accomplishing my TCC.
Jewelry was.
Thanks!!
you ugly………………………………., you used the book to my dear teacher Silvia motorcycle without making reference.
ugly thing. this is not done.
And clarifying explanations. Very good.
Bruno,
Your information is invaluable.
Qtas FAQ vc gets respolver.
Congratulations!!!!!!!!!! Helped me a lot their reports.
Ops… missed mention of "sic".
Bruno, since you are saving the lives of everyone, save mine too. In my article I used several excerpts of articles contained in a book edited by Margaret Kunsh, in other words, she is not the author of the text book, so when I quote a passage is not speaking of it but the author of the article, how to proceed? I used the following standard, because I did not find anywhere a specific rule:
Direct quotes: Complementing this finding Deonir Toni is incisive to say that this image needs to be administered: "The task of image management in organizations should be clearly delegated, supported and respected by the direction” (KUNSCH, 2009, p. 237-8).
Indirect quotes: Daniel Galindo (distribution KUNSCH, 2009) argues that it is the visible part of the public of all the marketing strategies of an organization and, therefore, must precede the product itself, communicating it to, then, their attributes, its benefits and differentiating proposals are identified and understood – This will help to awaken the desire and demand for possession, besides adding value.
But my "guiding" requested that this second example I put so: Daniel Galindo, in KUNSCH, 2009 advocates…
I think that is not correct, first because I only found rules for the use of "in" bibliographical references and never in quotes, second we always knew that the only expression that is used throughout the text is cited and the author's name in uppercase? Case is not only inside the parentheses?
I'm so confused! Heeeeeeelp!
Thanks for the information. Very useful. :)
My greetings, information tailored for those who need.
Very good my dear…. Thank you for the work helped me a lot.
Bruno, a quote in the book is where texts of various authors and edited by engineers as it is the reference??
Very good lad!
We need people with a willingness to help golds so simply and dedicated as you did here.
CONGRATULATIONS On the Blog. Keep it up.
when I use In?
I really enjoyed this text because I could now understand almost all academic terms for citations and references. Congratulations!
Sincerely,
Thales Pimenta.
I love your work, helped me a lot in a foundation for college.
Abço
Congratulations for text. Ja oa finished my masters dissertcao but I was afraid to deliver because was not sure when or not to use the expressions idem and ibidem. I asked many people in college and doubt settled in all. His text was my salvation…
Thank you.
Congratulations!
Achei SEU no Google blog, because I was researching what it meant: apud, et al, I'm doing my thesis course Lic. full em Letras, and for me it was very useful.
Our, thank you! eu, as several other, TBM arrived here looking for apud! hahaha
I loved this compilation, better than many books that speak of scientific methodology, speak but do not clarify simple questions like this! earned!!
Very well explained.
Thank you, Bruno!
Hello I would like to congratulate you for the work, tb and taking some doubt, qd use apud, q first quote the author did not have access to the cited author which had access? That and only done in a reference, tem or q appear in the text.
Grata.
@Michelle:
Very good question and actually generates doubts. One example:
I had access to books "Monteiro, Washington de Barros. Course civil law: inheritance law. 30. and. Sao Paulo: Hail, 1995, in. 6, p. 15." where, within this book, is there any legal citation that want to use, the author "PAPALEO, Celso Cezar. Abortion and contraception: relevance and complexity of the issue. Rio de Janeiro: Renew, 1993, p. 278."
"Then I write the citation and blah-blah-blah and put the quote as follows:" PAPALEO, 1993 apud MONTEIRO, 1995.
In other words, I say that this quote is the author PAPALEO, but I found the book of the author Monteiro.
About your second question, I believe this reference, using or apud, should appear in both the text and the references rather. Imagine someone reading your work and wondering: whence comes this quote? Then, think cool place straight, person to know.
Many people do not use the quotation cited and places as if it had access to book directly, but I'd rather put straight.
Hope this helps.
[]s
Congratulations for clarification, but still have a doubt. The Latin terms can be combined?
For example, mention a footnote with a book, and in the following section to quote from another author, but contained in the same book of the previous note.
So:
1 OLIVEIRA, Olga. Legal Monograph. 3. and. Porto Alegre: Synthesis, 2003. p. 34.
2 GIRALDO ANGEL, 1982. apud. loc.
In other words, GIRALDO the phrase is quoted in the book of Olga – same author, same book, same page.
May be?
Thank you.
Olá Bruno, earned and thanks! Congratulations on the blog… I also read the post about "Do you like to read?" because I have this terrible difficulty. Like love and practice reading, I work it in my mind, however, only read out of obligation and generally academic texts that are not always so nice. Hugs and succes $$ the!!!
Many thanks for the words. You saved my research! I found a paper full of good works for me to base myself but I would never have access and the APUD will help me with this!
His research has helped me. Congratulations HELPFUL initiative. It is what counts.
Thanks for the timely help. Researching the cited and now you clarified. Thanks
Thanks for the timely help. The research cited and now you clarified. Thanks
It was very useful to know how to use apud. I'm writing an article and needed to do a quote citation.
Thank you!
Boy!!! You are a godsend, Your blog saved my life!!! Thank you, saw?
I congratulate you for the excellent work useful and extremely important. Pity not to have more meanings, to further enhance this jóia.fique with God he enlighten you.
Post very useful. Congratulations.
earned, this valuable material.
Vlw Bruno,
Very good indeed your post.
Q I will heal the doubts many people d, including my…
It is always useful right this information..
the people are bewildered with TCC..
I am in my monitors and see the desperation Facul.
The msn does not stop 1 finland minute period.
Luckily I have great facilities in ABNT, I now post graduation to walking to Vancouver..
let's see what gives
Very grateful for all your work in researching and providing this information super helpful = D I'm doing work on the completion of ongoing and often forget the differences, how and when to use these terms "boring" however indispensable in the monograph.
Thanks for the clarifications even ^^
congratulations. explained quite
Was looking for "apud" and found your blog on. Thank you for research. Helped me and now I will resort to other times you need.
Took me a hard time!!
Parabens! Excellent! Definitely will visit this site. Very enriching.
thanks bruno for sharing a bit of your conhecimentos.tinha many doubts in relation to these terms.
grata!
abracos
Is there any expression in English, to be used in scientific articles, which corresponds to "apud"??
earned! super util. thanks for sharing.
Boy! That great! I really enjoyed this post, you did a super-kindness to us, curious, in my case, "Flat pra caramba", on call. I never use a word or phrase without knowing what it is. I am working on several sources and I found these expressions. I think embarrassing the exercise of "CTRL C", "CTRL V" uncritically, copying a lot of things you have no idea what that means. Now, I can use them without risk!
Thanks, same!
Hugs
tb achei este blog no google,
this post was very helpful because I am doing a monograph.
Thank you.
Oi Bruno.
Te achei no google, looking for the meaning of apud. Minha solved the doubt. Thanks!
Bruno, congratulations Blog. It was very enriching for me. We wait for the next. A hug. Marcos Aurélio.
Hello Mark!
Thank you for visiting!
Glad these tips helped you!
[]s
CONGRATULATIONS FOR PUBLICATION. EXTREMELY USEFUL ADDITION OF INTERESTING.
A HUG,
GILSON
VERY INTERESTING THIS PRESENTATION. CONGRATULATIONS TEXT.
GILSON
GRATEFUL FOR TIMELY AND HELPFUL SEARCH.
CORDIALLY,
ANTONIO Flores
I've always been curious about the meaning of these and other expressions of the Latin language appearing in articles and scientific papers. I confess that after reading the posts on this blog got more acquainted. I'm finishing my degree in English Literature with my teachers and Scientific Methodology were not prepared to teach these little details.
Thanks.
Congratulations search.
And I agree with your premise: We all really, arquemos since the consequences.
Vacation is a wonder huh …
I confess that I had no patience to read this post. But I realized that you did not explain the meaning of "etc.". That's it, our good old "etc." every day.
You know what it means? How to use? Then visit: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etc
You will see that write "orange, bananas were rap" is redundant. And not used before etc; as you put the title of this post. AHUAUhauhaUhauhAUhAUhuHauHAUHAUh
Quanta WISDOM!!!!!
Ah! Longer arsehole Alexander. Confesses that read straight, carefully and looking for some hidden little detail achacar the guy who took the trouble to post something useful in this ocean of uselessness that is the internet. Congratulations for the initiative to Bruno. By Alexandre, I'll give some free advice if you have no patience and do not need to read:
1) Do not marry, you have great chances to take a horn with this temperament;
2) Get married, try to see the good things in your (its) wife (husband);
3) It, etc..
Hugs, G. Sacramento.
Dear Alexandre, cool you comment on etc., But I get up, excuse the term, frightened, that according to his wisdom, you still used as a reference site "wikipedia" , not offering any degree of confidence.
Observation: I'm not saying that your explanation is wrong, but the next time, seek information on other sites more reliable !!!!!
You were extremely ridiculous as it seemed to express a jealous child because the boy's post was interesting and you certainly had to look for something on the subject by not dominate…lost the opportunity to remain silent!!!!